標準庫標頭檔案 <concepts> (C++20)

 

C++

編譯器支援

自由（freestanding）與宿主（hosted）

語言

標準庫

標準庫標頭檔案

具名要求

特性測試宏 (C++20)

語言支援庫

概念庫 (C++20)

診斷庫

記憶體管理庫

超程式設計庫 (C++11)

通用工具庫

容器庫

迭代器庫

範圍庫 (C++20)

演算法庫

字串庫

文字處理庫

數值庫

日期和時間庫

輸入/輸出庫

檔案系統庫 (C++17)

併發支援庫 (C++11)

執行控制庫 (C++26)

技術規範

符號索引

外部庫

 

標準庫標頭檔案

語言支援 <cfloat> <climits> <compare> (C++20) <contracts> (C++26) <coroutine> (C++20) <csetjmp> <csignal> <cstdarg> <cstddef> <cstdint> (C++11) <cstdlib> <exception> <initializer_list> (C++11)    <limits> <new> <source_location> (C++20) <stdfloat> (C++23) <typeinfo> <version> (C++20) 概念 <concepts> (C++20) 診斷 <cassert> <cerrno> <debugging> (C++26) <stacktrace> (C++23) <stdexcept> <system_error> (C++11) 記憶體管理 <memory> <memory_resource> (C++17) <scoped_allocator> (C++11) 超程式設計 <type_traits> (C++11) <ratio> (C++11)

通用工具 <any> (C++17) <bitset> <bit> (C++20) <charconv> (C++17) <expected> (C++23) <format> (C++20) <functional> <optional> (C++17) <tuple> (C++11) <typeindex> (C++11) <utility> <variant> (C++17) 容器 <array> (C++11) <deque> <flat_map> (C++23) <flat_set> (C++23) <forward_list> (C++11) <hive> (C++26) <inplace_vector> (C++26)    <list> <map> <mdspan> (C++23) <queue> <set> <span> (C++20) <stack> <unordered_map> (C++11) <unordered_set> (C++11) <vector> 迭代器 <iterator> Ranges <generator> (C++23) <ranges> (C++20)

演算法 <algorithm> <numeric> 字串 <cctype> <cstring> <cuchar> (C++11) <cwchar> <cwctype> <string_view> (C++17) <string> 文字處理 <clocale> <codecvt> (C++11/17/26*) <locale> <regex> (C++11) <text_encoding> (C++26)    數值 <cfenv> (C++11) <cmath> <complex> <linalg> (C++26) <numbers> (C++20) <random> (C++11) <simd> (C++26) <valarray> 時間 <chrono> (C++11) <ctime> C 相容性 <ccomplex> (C++11/17/20*) <ciso646> (直到 C++20) <cstdalign> (C++11/17/20*) <cstdbool> (C++11/17/20*) <ctgmath> (C++11/17/20*)

輸入/輸出 <cinttypes> (C++11) <cstdio> <filesystem> (C++17) <fstream> <iomanip> <iosfwd> <iostream> <ios> <istream> <ostream> <print> (C++23) <spanstream> (C++23) <sstream> <streambuf> <strstream> (C++98/26*) <syncstream> (C++20) 併發支援 <atomic> (C++11) <barrier> (C++20) <condition_variable> (C++11) <future> (C++11) <hazard_pointer> (C++26) <latch> (C++20) <mutex> (C++11) <rcu> (C++26) <semaphore> (C++20) <shared_mutex> (C++14) <stdatomic.h> (C++23) <stop_token> (C++20) <thread> (C++11) 執行支援 <execution> (C++17)

 

此標頭檔案是 concepts 庫的一部分。

概念
核心語言概念
same_as (C++20)	指定型別與另一型別相同 (概念)
derived_from (C++20)	指定型別派生自另一型別 (概念)
convertible_to (C++20)	指定型別可隱式轉換為另一型別 (概念)
common_reference_with (C++20)	指定兩種型別共享一個共同的引用型別 (概念)
common_with (C++20)	指定兩種型別共享一個共同的型別 (概念)
integral (C++20)	指定型別是整型 (概念)
signed_integral (C++20)	指定型別是帶符號的整型 (概念)
unsigned_integral (C++20)	指定一個型別是無符號的整型 (概念)
floating_point (C++20)	指定型別是浮點型別 (概念)
assignable_from (C++20)	指定型別可從另一型別賦值 (概念)
swappableswappable_with (C++20)	指定型別可以被交換，或者兩種型別可以互相交換 (概念)
destructible (C++20)	指定該型別的物件可以被銷燬 (概念)
constructible_from (C++20)	指定該型別的變數可以從一組引數型別構造或繫結 (概念)
default_initializable (C++20)	指定型別的物件可以預設構造 (概念)
move_constructible (C++20)	指定型別的物件可以被移動構造 (概念)
copy_constructible (C++20)	指定型別的物件可以被複制構造和移動構造 (概念)
比較概念
equality_comparableequality_comparable_with (C++20)	指定運算子 == 是等價關係 (概念)
totally_orderedtotally_ordered_with (C++20)	指定型別上的比較運算子產生全序關係 (概念)
物件概念
movable (C++20)	指定型別的物件可以被移動和交換 (概念)
copyable (C++20)	指定型別的物件可以被複制、移動和交換 (概念)
semiregular (C++20)	指定型別的物件可以被複制、移動、交換和預設構造 (概念)
regular (C++20)	指定一個型別是常規的，即它既是 semiregular 又是 equality_comparable (概念)
可呼叫概念
invocableregular_invocable (C++20)	指定可呼叫型別可以使用給定的一組引數型別進行呼叫 (概念)
predicate (C++20)	指定可呼叫型別是布林謂詞 (概念)
relation (C++20)	指定可呼叫型別是二元關係 (概念)
equivalence_relation (C++20)	指定 relation 施加等價關係 (概念)
strict_weak_order (C++20)	指定 relation 施加嚴格弱序 (概念)
自定義點物件
ranges::swap (C++20)	交換兩個物件的值 (自定義點物件)

摘要

// all freestanding
namespace std {
  // language-related concepts
  // concept same_as
  template<class T, class U>
  concept same_as = /* see description */;
 
  // concept derived_from
  template<class Derived, class Base>
  concept derived_from = /* see description */;
 
  // concept convertible_to
  template<class From, class To>
  concept convertible_to = /* see description */;
 
  // concept common_reference_with
  template<class T, class U>
  concept common_reference_with = /* see description */;
 
  // concept common_with
  template<class T, class U>
  concept common_with = /* see description */;
 
  // arithmetic concepts
  template<class T>
  concept integral = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
  concept signed_integral = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
  concept unsigned_integral = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
  concept floating_point = /* see description */;
 
  // concept assignable_from
  template<class LHS, class RHS>
  concept assignable_from = /* see description */;
 
  // concept swappable
  namespace ranges {
    inline namespace /* unspecified */ {
      inline constexpr /* unspecified */ swap = /* unspecified */;
    }
  }
  template<class T>
  concept swappable = /* see description */;
  template<class T, class U>
  concept swappable_with = /* see description */;
 
  // concept destructible
  template<class T>
  concept destructible = /* see description */;
 
  // concept constructible_from
  template<class T, class... Args>
  concept constructible_from = /* see description */;
 
  // concept default_initializable
  template<class T>
  concept default_initializable = /* see description */;
 
  // concept move_constructible
  template<class T>
  concept move_constructible = /* see description */;
 
  // concept copy_constructible
  template<class T>
  concept copy_constructible = /* see description */;
 
  // comparison concepts
  // concept equality_comparable
  template<class T>
  concept equality_comparable = /* see description */;
  template<class T, class U>
  concept equality_comparable_with = /* see description */;
 
  // concept totally_ordered
  template<class T>
  concept totally_ordered = /* see description */;
  template<class T, class U>
  concept totally_ordered_with = /* see description */;
 
  // object concepts
  template<class T>
  concept movable = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
  concept copyable = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
  concept semiregular = /* see description */;
  template<class T>
  concept regular = /* see description */;
 
  // callable concepts
  // concept invocable
  template<class F, class... Args>
  concept invocable = /* see description */;
 
  // concept regular_invocable
  template<class F, class... Args>
  concept regular_invocable = /* see description */;
 
  // concept predicate
  template<class F, class... Args>
  concept predicate = /* see description */;
 
  // concept relation
  template<class R, class T, class U>
  concept relation = /* see description */;
 
  // concept equivalence_relation
  template<class R, class T, class U>
  concept equivalence_relation = /* see description */;
 
  // concept strict_weak_order
  template<class R, class T, class U>
  concept strict_weak_order = /* see description */;
}

輔助概念 boolean-testable

template<class T>
concept /*boolean-testable-impl*/ = convertible_to<T, bool>; // exposition only;
 
template<class T>
concept boolean-testable = // exposition only
  /*boolean-testable-impl*/<T> && requires(T&& t) {
    {
      !std::forward<T>(t)
    } -> /*boolean-testable-impl*/;
  };

概念 same_as

template<class T, class U>
concept /*same-as-impl*/ = is_same_v<T, U>; // exposition only
 
template<class T, class U>
concept same_as = /*same-as-impl*/<T, U> && /*same-as-impl*/<U, T>;

概念 derived_from

template<class Derived, class Base>
concept derived_from = is_base_of_v<Base, Derived> &&
                       is_convertible_v<const volatile Derived*, const volatile Base*>;

概念 convertible_to

template<class From, class To>
concept convertible_to =
  is_convertible_v<From, To> && requires { static_cast<To>(declval<From>()); };

概念 common_reference_with

template<class T, class U>
concept common_reference_with =
  same_as<common_reference_t<T, U>, common_reference_t<U, T>> &&
  convertible_to<T, common_reference_t<T, U>> &&
  convertible_to<U, common_reference_t<T, U>>;

概念 common_with

template<class T, class U>
concept common_with =
  same_as<common_type_t<T, U>, common_type_t<U, T>> &&
  requires {
    static_cast<common_type_t<T, U>>(declval<T>());
    static_cast<common_type_t<T, U>>(declval<U>());
  } &&
  common_reference_with<add_lvalue_reference_t<const T>,
                        add_lvalue_reference_t<const U>> &&
  common_reference_with<
    add_lvalue_reference_t<common_type_t<T, U>>,
    common_reference_t<add_lvalue_reference_t<const T>, add_lvalue_reference_t<const U>>>;

概念 integral

template<class T>
concept integral = is_integral_v<T>;

概念 signed_integral

template<class T>
concept signed_integral = integral<T> && is_signed_v<T>;

概念 unsigned_integral

template<class T>
concept unsigned_integral = integral<T> && !signed_integral<T>;

概念 floating_point

template<class T>
concept floating_point = is_floating_point_v<T>;

概念 assignable_from

template<class LHS, class RHS>
concept assignable_from =
  is_lvalue_reference_v<LHS> &&
  common_reference_with<const remove_reference_t<LHS>&, const remove_reference_t<RHS>&> &&
  requires(LHS lhs, RHS&& rhs) {
    {
      lhs = std::forward<RHS>(rhs)
    } -> same_as<LHS>;
  };

概念 swappable

template<class T>
concept swappable = requires(T& a, T& b) { ranges::swap(a, b); };

概念 swappable_with

template<class T, class U>
concept swappable_with = common_reference_with<T, U> && requires(T&& t, U&& u) {
  ranges::swap(std::forward<T>(t), std::forward<T>(t));
  ranges::swap(std::forward<U>(u), std::forward<U>(u));
  ranges::swap(std::forward<T>(t), std::forward<U>(u));
  ranges::swap(std::forward<U>(u), std::forward<T>(t));
};

概念 destructible

template<class T>
concept destructible = is_nothrow_destructible_v<T>;

概念 constructible_from

template<class T, class... Args>
concept constructible_from = destructible<T> && is_constructible_v<T, Args...>;

概念 default_initializable

template<class T>
constexpr bool /*is-default-initializable*/ = /* see description */; // exposition only
 
template<class T>
concept default_initializable =
  constructible_from<T> && requires { T{}; } && /*is-default-initializable*/<T>;

概念 move_constructible

template<class T>
concept move_constructible = constructible_from<T, T> && convertible_to<T, T>;

概念 copy_constructible

template<class T>
concept copy_constructible =
  move_constructible<T> && constructible_from<T, T&> && convertible_to<T&, T> &&
  constructible_from<T, const T&> && convertible_to<const T&, T> &&
  constructible_from<T, const T> && convertible_to<const T, T>;

概念 equality_comparable

template<class T, class U>
concept /*weakly-equality-comparable-with*/ = // exposition only
  requires(const remove_reference_t<T>& t, const remove_reference_t<U>& u) {
    { t == u } -> boolean-testable;
    { t != u } -> boolean-testable;
    { u == t } -> boolean-testable;
    { u != t } -> boolean-testable;
  };
 
template<class T>
concept equality_comparable = /*weakly-equality-comparable-with*/<T, T>;

概念 equality_comparable_with

template<class T, class U, class C = common_reference_t<const T&, const U&>>
concept /*comparison-common-type-with-impl*/ = // exposition only
  same_as<common_reference_t<const T&, const U&>,
          common_reference_t<const U&, const T&>> &&
  requires {
    requires convertible_to<const T&, const C&> || convertible_to<T, const C&>;
    requires convertible_to<const U&, const C&> || convertible_to<U, const C&>;
  };
 
template<class T, class U>
concept /*comparison-common-type-with*/ = // exposition only
  /*comparison-common-type-with-impl*/<remove_cvref_t<T>, remove_cvref_t<U>>;
 
template<class T, class U>
concept equality_comparable_with =
  equality_comparable<T> && equality_comparable<U> &&
  /*comparison-common-type-with*/<T, U> &&
  equality_comparable<
    common_reference_t<const remove_reference_t<T>&, const remove_reference_t<U>&>> &&
  /*weakly-equality-comparable-with*/<T, U>;

輔助概念 partially-ordered-with

定義於標頭檔案 <compare>

template<class T, class U>
concept /*partially-ordered-with*/ = // exposition only
  requires(const remove_reference_t<T>& t, const remove_reference_t<U>& u) {
    { t <  u } -> boolean-testable;
    { t >  u } -> boolean-testable;
    { t <= u } -> boolean-testable;
    { t >= u } -> boolean-testable;
    { u <  t } -> boolean-testable;
    { u >  t } -> boolean-testable;
    { u <= t } -> boolean-testable;
    { u >= t } -> boolean-testable;
  };

概念 totally_ordered

template<class T>
concept totally_ordered = equality_comparable<T> && /*partially-ordered-with*/<T, T>;

概念 totally_ordered_with

template<class T, class U>
concept totally_ordered_with =
  totally_ordered<T> && totally_ordered<U> && equality_comparable_with<T, U> &&
  totally_ordered<
    common_reference_t<const remove_reference_t<T>&, const remove_reference_t<U>&>> &&
  /*partially-ordered-with*/<T, U>;

概念 movable

template<class T>
concept movable =
  is_object_v<T> && move_constructible<T> && assignable_from<T&, T> && swappable<T>;

概念 copyable

template<class T>
concept copyable = copy_constructible<T> && movable<T> && assignable_from<T&, T&> &&
                   assignable_from<T&, const T&> && assignable_from<T&, const T>;

概念 semiregular

template<class T>
concept semiregular = copyable<T> && default_initializable<T>;

概念 regular

template<class T>
concept regular = semiregular<T> && equality_comparable<T>;

概念 invocable

template<class F, class... Args>
concept invocable = requires(F&& f, Args&&... args) {
  invoke(std::forward<F>(f),
         std::forward<Args>(args)...); // not required to be equality-preserving
};

概念 regular_invocable

template<class F, class... Args>
  concept regular_invocable = invocable<F, Args...>;

概念 predicate

template<class F, class... Args>
concept predicate =
  regular_invocable<F, Args...> && boolean-testable<invoke_result_t<F, Args...>>;

概念 relation

template<class R, class T, class U>
concept relation =
  predicate<R, T, T> && predicate<R, U, U> && predicate<R, T, U> && predicate<R, U, T>;

概念 equivalence_relation

template<class R, class T, class U>
concept equivalence_relation = relation<R, T, U>;

概念 strict_weak_order

template<class R, class T, class U>
concept strict_weak_order = relation<R, T, U>;